27 research outputs found
ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
The purpose of this article is to analyze the nature of non-military instruments (economic sanctions, soft power and communication strategies) of foreign policy within the international relations theory, because these tools are becoming increasingly central to shaping
strategic outcomes in the XXI centuryΠΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ - ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ (Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ, ΠΌ'ΡΠΊΠ° Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π° ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΡ) Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½, ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Ρ XXI ΡΡΠ¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ (ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ) ββΠ²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³ΠΈ Π² XXI Π²Π΅ΠΊ
ΠΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
It is undeniable that economic sanctions have become an international relations
tool of choice in the post-bipolar era. The range of nations that have become targets of this
foreign policy instrument is growing month by month, as is the list of those states applying the
sanctions. This rush to sanction has generated a great deal of criticism in both academic circles
and among the multinational firms that are typically the bearers of a large part of the implicit
taxation that economic sanctions represent. It is a reasonable generalization to characterize
international economic sanctions as overused, ineffective, and unfair. Nevertheless, this
characterization of sanctions is a generalization. In order to more fully understand what should
be used and what should not, what is effective and what is not, and what is fair and what is not,
a better understanding of what economic sanctions do is necessary. The article surveys the
definitional issues of the economic sanctions in the international relations theory. It opens with
a review of the conceptual background of the economic sanctions through the prism of the
methodological approaches of political realism, liberalism and constructivism and then goes on
to explore the variables of the efficiency of economic sanctions as foreign policy tool. In
conclusion, we discuss the suggestions for perspectives of further research and development of
economic sanctions in the foreign policy analysis.ΠΠ΅Π·ΡΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ±ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΅ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΉ, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠΊ Ρ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π², ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ. Π¦Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡ
Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ
Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠΌ, ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ. ΠΡ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΌΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ
ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅
Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ·Π°Π³Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ± Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π·ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΌΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎ
Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ, Π° ΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΠ΄, ΡΠΎ Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ, Π° ΡΠΎ Π½Ρ, Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, Π° ΡΠΎ Π½Ρ,
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΡΠ΄Π½Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΌΡΠ½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΡ
ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½. ΠΡΠ½ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π·
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π»ΡΠ΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ, Π»ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΌΡ, Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡΠΈ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΊ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π
ΠΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΊ
Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ.ΠΠ΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π» ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅. Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΡΡΠΎ
Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ, Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ, Π° ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, Π° ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ,
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π»ΠΈΠ±Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π
Π Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΄ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Πt Ρs undeniable that economic sanctions have become an international relations tool of choice in the post-bipolar era. The range of nations that have become targets of this foreign policy instrument is growing month by month, as is the list of those states applying the sanctions. This rush to sanction has generated a great deal of criticism in both academic circles and among the multinational firms that are typically the bearers of a large part of the implicit taxation that economic sanctions represent.ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ±ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½Ρ Π΅ΠΏΠΎΡ
Ρ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΉ, ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠΊ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΊ ΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π², ΡΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ. Π¦Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π² Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΡΠΊ Π² Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π±Π°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠΌ, ΡΠΊΡ, ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ, Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΡΡ.ΠΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ
Ρ. ΠΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π» Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Π°ΠΊΠ°Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΡΠ³Π°Ρ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
States of Pt/CeO2 catalysts for CO oxidation below room temperature.
CO molecules can be efficiently oxidized over Pt/CeO2 catalysts, but the stability and reactivity of different states of Pt in the catalysts are still unclear. Here we combine experimental and computational methods to characterize Pt/CeO2 catalysts subjected to reductive and oxidative pre-treatments and exposed to CO oxidation reaction conditions. Particles of metallic Pt, known to be catalytically active at elevated temperature, are shown to be precursors for the formation, under operando conditions, of more stable PtOx particles that enable CO oxidation below room temperature. These PtOx particles are also similarly stable to - but more active than - atomically dispersed Pt2+ species. The results and approaches presented in this study illustrate the complex response of catalytic materials to reaction conditions and pave the way for future efforts to improve Pt/CeO2 and similar catalysts using dedicated pre-treatment strategies
Influence of Titania Synthesized by Pulsed Laser Ablation on the State of Platinum during Ammonia Oxidation
A set of physicochemical methods, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy, was applied to study Pt/TiO catalysts prepared by impregnation using a commercial TiO-P25 support and a support produced by pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLA). The Pt/TiO-PLA catalysts showed increased thermal stability due to the localization of the highly dispersed platinum species at the intercrystalline boundaries of the support particles. In contrast, the Pt/TiO-P25 catalysts were characterized by uniform distribution of the Pt species over the support. Analysis of Pt4f XP spectra shows that oxidized Pt and Pt species are formed in the Pt/TiO-P25 catalysts, while the platinum oxidation state in the Pt/TiO-PLA catalysts is lower due to stronger interaction of the active component with the support due to strong interaction via Pt-O-Ti bonds. The Pt4f XP spectra of the samples after reaction show Pt and metallic platinum, which is the catalytically active species. The study of the catalytic properties in ammonia oxidation showed that, unlike the catalysts prepared with a commercial support, the Pt/TiO-PLA samples show higher stability during catalysis and significantly higher selectivity to N in a wide temperature range of 200β400 Β°C
In situ probing of Pt/TiO activity in low-temperature ammonia oxidation
The improvement of the low-temperature activity of the supported platinum catalysts in selective ammonia oxidation to nitrogen is still a challenging task. The recent developments in in situ/operando characterization techniques allows to bring new insight into the properties of the systems in correlation with their catalytic activity. In this work, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) and operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) techniques were applied to study Pt/TiO catalysts in ammonia oxidation (NH + O reaction). Several synthesis methods were used to obtain samples with different size of Pt particles, oxidation state of Pt, and morphology of the support. Metal platinum particles on titania prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquids exhibited the highest activity at lower temperatures with the temperature of 50% conversion of NH being 150 Β°C. The low-temperature activity of the catalysts synthesized by impregnation can be improved by the reductive pretreatment. NAP-XPS and operando XANES data do not show formation of PtO surface layers or PtO/PtO oxides during NH + O reaction. Despite the differences in the oxidation state of platinum in the as-prepared catalysts, their treatment in the reaction mixture results in the formation of metallic platinum particles, which can serve as centers for stabilization of the adsorbed oxygen species. Stabilization of the bulk platinum oxide structures in the Pt/TiO catalysts seems to be less favorable due to the metalβsupport interaction
Society, State, Nation and the People in the Democratic South Africa: Two Decades of Illusions in The Practice of Public Administration, Development Planning and Management
The purpose of this article is to provide a conceptual argument in that as South Africa transcended beyond its democratic dispensation, an opportunity was missed in the process leading to transition to define a society, state, nation and the people for sustaining the democratic founding for purposes of public administration practice, development planning and management. That is done by critically portraying South Africa as a society, state, nation and locating the people for governance purposes within a democratic founding. It is argued that attempts are made to rewrite the history of the country with a view of bolstering its societal status, nation, state and the people without a profound context. South Africa has become what it is today due to its history that remains its defining factor if it has to locate its society, state, nation and the people. Having lost that opportunity during transition, governance has become so unwieldy in that those assigned with authority in the governance landscape, tend to confuse the roles of society, nation, state and the people and that eventually strain the fragile democracy by distorting the facts and the role of constitutional apparatus that are instrumental to the countryβs democratic founding. The conclusion is rather pessimistic in that as long as these issues are not properly located within the governance landscape; the democratic dispensation remains vulnerable for demise just like other democracies within the African continent with the potential of the middle class hijacking it from the vulnerable poor majority being the people that public administration practice has to serve.
DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p61
Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
, Π·βΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΡ
Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ, Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄, Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Ρ
ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½. Π‘ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½Π° Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΠΎ
Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π²Π°Π³Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ° ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ, Ρ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ
ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π».
ΠβΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ· ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΄ΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ
ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ.
Π‘ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±βΡΠ΄Π½Π°Π½Ρ Π² ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΉ, ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ
Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π΄Π°ΡΠ½Π° Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ². ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΡ Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½Ρ Π·ΠΌΡΠ½Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ
Π²Π·ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π²Π»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΠΉΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊ Π²ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡ,
ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ². Π ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½Ρ
Π±Π°ΡβΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡ,
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ²
Π·βΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π‘Π¨Π Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ ΠΠ‘, ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΏΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΡΡ, Π·Π°Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π² Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
, Π½Π°Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ
ΠΌΡΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΉ Β«soft powerΒ».The article deals with the peculiarities of
communication in the social media, examines the potential
of their use primarily in the field of political processes
and international relations. The authors conclude that the
russia's large-scale aggression against Ukraine proved
that in the context of a full-blown international conflict,
the political weight of the communicative component of
social media is growing significantly.
The article also highlights that in the contemporary
information society, the main product is information,
which due to the social networks, began to spread at a
new pace, creating a digital socio-cultural space. Social
communities united on the Internet on the basis of common
value orientations function outside the space-time
framework, forming the unique culture of communication
in social media, which is capable to distinguish itself as a
tool for the transformation of contemporary political and
international political processes.
In the light of the current international reality the
authors reveal that the social media in public diplomacy
create a horizontal model of communication, stimulating
the political activity of social communities by involving
them in the discussion and implementation of sociopolitical projects.
Based on the analysis of the regulatory documents, it is
found that since its very beginning, social media have been
actively integrated into the concept of digital diplomacy
of the USA and EU countries, which most often use them
to support and promote democracy, protect basic human
rights and freedoms in third countries, and establish
intercultural dialogue as part of the implementation of
Β«soft powerΒ» technologies.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
, ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»
ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½Π°Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ² Π£ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»Π°
ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°,
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ.
Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ. Π‘ΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°-Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
Π ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²,
ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ
Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ ΠΠ‘, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ
, ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΒ»
ΠΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ: Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ 1991-2021
The chapter provides an analysis of ethnic, cultural, and religious confrontations in modern geopolitical
hybrid conflicts. The methodological basis of the present research is the concept of hybrid geopolitical
3D conflicts. The data of sociological surveys carried out by Ukrainian and Russian research centres as well as the Center for Countering Information Aggression AM&Π M are used. The main subject of study is the specifics of interethnic, intercultural, and interreligious conflicts that are part of the hybrid Russian-Ukrainian War (2014-2021). The authors of the chapter conclude that modern RussianUkrainian interethnic, intercultural, and interreligious conflicts can be considered as an example of hybrid geopolitical 3D conflicts: it started like military-political aggression and continued at other levels and areas. The conflicts of the sort demonstrate a hybrid nature and are a new phenomenon in international and domestic geopolitics.Π£ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ»Ρ Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ· Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ³ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ 3D ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ AM&Π M. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ β ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
, ΠΌΡΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ³ΡΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΡΠ², ΡΠΊΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡ
Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΡΠΉΠ½Π° (2014-2021). ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠ»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΌΡΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΌΡΠΆΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ³ΡΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΈ: ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΊ Π²ΡΠΉΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Ρ
ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ±Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΡΠΊΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Ρ Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ
Ρ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΡΡΠ½Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°.Π Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
.
Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
3D-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ AM&P. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° (2014-2021). ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π³Π»Π°Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎ-ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ: ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π΅.
ΠΈ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°
When and why formation of large bodies in circumstellar discs could take place?
We outlined the scenario of the planetary system formation, where large bodies are formed
on the stage of massive discs. On this stage the whole of factors: chemical composition,
chemical catalytic reactions, the disc self- gravitation, the increased ratio of solids to
gas surface density, adiabatic gas cooling provides favorable conditions for gravitational
instabilities development. Gravitational instabilities in multiphase medium can lead to
planetesimal and planetary embryo formation